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OBJECTIVE：To compare the similarities and differences of antiepileptic drugs between 2019 edition of WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children （called“WHO-EMLc”for short ）and 2018 edition of the National Essential Medicines List （called“NEML”for short ），and to provide reference for the improvement of national essential medicines list and formulation of essential medicines list for children. METHODS ：By means of descriptive analysis ，the differences in the varieties ， dosage forms ，specifications and marker symbols of antiepileptic drugs were compared between WHO-EMLc and NEML. The marketing status of antiepileptic drugs included in WHO-EMLc and NEML were analyzed statistically. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS：There were 9 kinds of antiepileptic drugs included in WHO-EMLc ，all of which were under the category of anticonvulsant/antiepileptic drugs. There were 6 kinds of antiepileptic drugs in NEML of China ，and the other three kinds of drugs included in WHO-EMLc were included in the category of psychotherapy drugs in NEML. Eight kinds of antiepileptic 126 drugs were shared by NEML and WHO-EMLc ， namely 109614043@qq.com carbamazepine， valproic acid ， phenytoin sodium ， pheno- barbital，lamotrigine，diazepam，lorazepam and midazolam. The special antiepileptic drug in NEML was ocazepine ，and edu.cn the special antiepileptic drug in WHO-EMLC was ethylsu c- cinate. Oral dosage forms involved in WHO-EMLc included oral solution ，ordinary tablet，enteric-coated tablet ，dispersed tablet ， etc.，while oral dosage forms involved in NEML included ordinary tablet ，dispersed tablet and oral solution. In terms of dosage form of a single drug ，the drug specifications in WHO-EMLc were more comprehensive than those in NEML. In WHO-EMLc ， lorazepam was labeled with “□”，indicating that it was more effective and safe in similar drugs . Lamotrigine ，midazolam injection and phenytoin （25 mg∶5 mL and 30 mg∶5 mL）were labeled with “*”，indicating that there were special precautions for the drug or dosage form and specification. In NEML ，diazepam was marked with “*”，and diazepam injection was marked with “△”， indicating that diazepam appeared repeatedly under different classifications ；diazepam injection should be used under the guidance of doctors with corresponding prescription qualifications or under the guidance of specialists ，and the use monitoring and efficacy evaluation should be strengthened. In addition ，most of the antiepileptic drugs included in WHO-EMLc had been marketed in China，but the dosage forms on the market were relatively simple ，which could not meet the drug demand of children. Our country could learn from WHO-EMLc selection method to further improve the national essential medicine list ，formulate essential medicine list for children which was suitable for Chinese national conditionsas soon as possible on the basis of disease spectrum and drug clinical comprehensive evaluation. At the same time ，the government should also encourage the development and production of children’s medicines to ensure that children fairly access to drugs.
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The National Institutes of Health(NIH)launched the American Clinical and Translational Science fund program in 2006. Since then both NIH and its clinical and translational science centers made useful experiments in community engagement with initial success. By means of literature review, the authors searched the projects and policies for community cooperation in websites of NIH and the American Clinical and Translational Science Center. They also searched PubMed to look for literatures about the American Clinical and Translational Science Center and community engagement. The study found that community engagement is gradually increasing in clinical and translational science; the cooperation is found over the entire process of research projects, which proves conducive to the development of research; advocating community health service can improve not only community health, but also public health and medical services at the same time.
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Objective@#To study the clinical value of serum cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9/NGAL-1 measurements for early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF).@*Methods@#This study included 102 patients with hepatitis B virus related ACLF and 31 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) were enrolled as controls. Biomarkers including serum cystatin C, NGAL and MMP-9/NGAL-1 were measured twice in the patients with ACLF at admission and at the time progressed to AKI and once in the controls.@*Results@#In patients with ACLF, serum cystatin C levels was higher than that of the CHB control (t=3.609, P=0.000), whereas NGAL and MMP-9/NGAL-1 levels were lower in patients with ACLF than that of CHB controls (t=3.016, P=0.003; t=7.514, P=0.000, respectively). Thirty-three patients (32.4%) progressed to AKI during hospitalization period. In AKI group of the patients serum cystatin C levels was higher than that of non-AKI group of the patents (t=4.543, P=0.000). MMP-9/ NGAL-1 and NGAL levels were not different in patients with and without AKI (t=0.905, P=0.368; t=0.061, P=0.952). Serum cystatin C in patients with mild AKI (serum creatinine<1.5 mg/dl) and AKI serum creatinine>1.5 mg/dl were 33.59± 9.19 ng/ml and 43.32±9.02 ng/ml respectively. That was higher than that of non-AKI patients (27.94±7.93 ng/ml, P=0.022, 0.000, respectively). Serum cystatin C was the independent risk factors associated with development of AKI by a multivariate logistic regression in patients with ACLF.@*Conclusions@#Serum cystatin C measurement may contribute to more earlier diagnosis of AKI even in patients with S. creatinine<1.5 mg/dl. NGAL and MMP-9/NGAL-1 may be the biomarker of progress for ACLF.
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Objective The national essential medicine select system is the core of Chinese medicine policy.How to select drugs fundamental for eyes scientifically is an important ring in establishing the Chinese essential drug system.The present study attempted to compare the National Essential Medicines List and National Essential Insurance List of China with that of the WHO in order to provide reasonable evidence for the adjustment of a new National Essential Medicines List of China. MethodsThe WHO Essential Medicine List (15th edition,Version in 2007),National Essential Medicine List (Version in 2009,China),2009 National Essential Medicine List Chemical Medicine Name (Version in 2009) and National Essential Insurance List of China (Version in 2004) were reviewed.The similarity and difference in the category and number of drugs in the National Essential Medicines List and National Essential Insurance List between China and WHO were compared and analyzed.A descriptive method was adopted to analyze the sorts and numbers of eye drugs in the lists mentioned above.The analysis of drug price was based on the summary sheet from Zhejiang Province. ResultsLittle difference was found in the numbers of eye drugs between the National Essential Medicines List of China and WHO Essential Medicines List.Differences in the sorts of eye drugs were observed in the lists,especially between the National Essential Medicines List of China and WHO Essential Medicines List.Except for levofloxacin,all of the drugs in the National Essential Medicine List of China were included in the National Essential Insurance List of China.ConclusionThe selecting principle and renewing procedure of the National Essential Medicines List and National Essential Insurance List of China should be further improved in China based on the list from WHO.More attention should be paid to the standard,dosage form,affordability,maneuverability etc.during the selecting procedure of eye essential drugs.